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Ntau tshaj 28 Xyoo Kev Tsim Khoom

Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag Boost LVDC Daim phiaj

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Niaj hnub no, qee qhov hauv Tebchaws Europe tau txhawj xeeb txog kev nce nqi zog, thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov kev ntshai cuam tshuam nrog qhov no ploj mus ib hmos, peb yuav pom qee tus nqi nce. Raws li ib tug hacker, koj tuaj yeem saib zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshaib plab hauv koj lub tsev thiab txawm ua rau lawv. Yog li, [Peter] tau teeb tsa qee lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag rau ntawm nws lub ru tsev, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas txuas lawv txoj cai rau pej xeem daim phiaj, lossis tsawg kawg rau 220V mains hauv nws chav tsev. Tau kawg, qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo yog tsim kom muaj qhov sib txuas LVDC sib txuas thiab muab cov khoom siv rau nws!
Nws xaiv 48V vim tias nws siab txaus, ua haujlwm tau zoo, yooj yim kom tau txais cov khoom zoo li DC-DC, muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum nws los txog rau kev cai lij choj, thiab feem ntau sib xws nrog nws lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag teeb. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau khaws cov khoom siv xws li laptops, chargers, thiab teeb ntawm DC fais fab rails es tsis yog ntsaws ncaj qha, thiab nws lub tsev infrastructure (xws li lub khib tag nrho ntawm Raspberry Pi boards) yog cov ntsiab lus zoo kawg nkaus ua haujlwm 24/7. cev 48v. Muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov qab los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob AC ib txwm muaj thaum huab cua huab cua, thiab thaum muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo, ob lub roj teeb LiFePO4 loj loj yuav siv tag nrho cov khoom siv txuas nrog ntawm 48V txog li ob hnub thiab ib nrab hnub.
Cov cuab yeej tsim thiab siv 115 kWh hauv thawj ob lub hlis - qhov kev pabcuam loj rau lub zog ywj pheej hacker project, thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm blog muaj cov ntsiab lus txaus rau txhua yam koj xav tau kev tshoov siab. Qhov phiaj xwm no yog ib qho kev ceeb toom tias qhov tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob DC tej yaam num yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo ntawm ib cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam - peb tau pom cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm Hackcamp, tab sis koj tuaj yeem tsim DC UPS me me yog tias koj nyiam. Tej zaum tsis ntev peb yuav pom qhov hluav taws xob rau lub network zoo li no.
Cellular chaw nres tsheb tam sim no siv 48V. Kuv yuav tsum teeb tsa ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws rau qhov project saib hauv zej zog.
Kuv tau xav txog kev khiav qee qhov HP DL360 servers hauv tsev nrog lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab roj teeb yam tsis muaj 48VDC cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas yuav haum rau cov servers no thiab zam qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm DC-rau-AC inverter, tab sis tom qab ntawd kuv pom tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv fais fab no ntawm 48. VDC. … Kuv tus Vajtswv. Rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev mus txog 2050!
48V tau ua lub tsheb npav voltage hauv kev sib txuas lus txij li Strowger lub sijhawm (nrog cov roj teeb loj) thiab nqa mus rau hauv cov khoom siv fiber ntau optic.
Yog lawm, tag nrho kev lag luam kev lag luam khiav ntawm 48VDC. Los ntawm cov qub analog hloov mus rau niaj hnub cellular base chaw nres tsheb. IT data centers feem ntau yog siv los ntawm AC lub zog.
GOOD Qhov tsuas yog bummer nrog qhov teeb tsa no (xav tias lwm qhov ib nrab tau pom zoo thiab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb ntawm cov tsiaj thiab menyuam yaus) yog tias thaum lub zog khaws cia hauv zos puv, lub zog ntau dhau yog nkim thaum koj nyob ze rau ntawm daim phiaj. interconnects yog mus, tej zaum nws yog tiag tiag ib tug txaj muag uas lub zog yog siv rau pheej yig sawv daws yuav. Kuv tsis cem lawv rau qhov xwm txheej no, lawv tau ua haujlwm rau lawv tus kheej thiab nrhiav tsis tau txoj hauv kev raug cai / nyab xeeb / pheej yig nyob ib puag ncig qhov teeb meem kawg no… bureaucrats tej zaum yuav zoo dua li kws lij choj thiab cov nom tswv. Txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau zoo ib yam li ib leeg hauv lub neej, tej zaum lawv yog txhua lub xeev sib txawv ntawm tib lub neej ...
Kuv xav hais kom ua kom lub neej yooj yim dua rau cov neeg tsis muaj tech nrog DC koj yuav zaum nyob nrog lossis txhawb nqa qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub no uas tej zaum yuav siv tau USB ... txawm hais tias kuv ntxub nws vim hais tias lub hwj chim tshaj USB nws yog ib qho teeb meem, tau txais txoj cai. zoo li qhov teeb meem loj, thiab nws tsis zoo li yuav ua tau zoo li 48V rail. Nws yog ubiquitous uas nws nkag siab rau cov neeg uas tsis yog-technical - vim hais tias nws yog pluggable thiab ua hauj lwm (yog tias configured kom raug). Tshem tawm qhov xav tau los nrhiav qhov zoo DC-DC converter rau txhua yam lossis nquag saib xyuas qhov "fais fab mov" voltage txhua zaus koj ntsaws rau hauv lub cuab yeej tshiab - Kuv ua qhov no ntawm kuv lub rooj tab sis tseem tsis tau kib dab tsi ...
Tab sis raws li kev tawm ntawm lub txee roj teeb pob nrog lub hnub ci taug qab cov tswv yim, tej zaum txawm tias yog lub inverter rau AC pob koj yuav tsum muaj, thiab yog tias koj xav kom tsis txhob tsim koj tus kheej ntau qhov teeb meem USB fais fab mov, koj tuaj yeem siv USB lub zog sib tham. . Nws tsis nyuaj rau koj teeb tsa. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj ntau tshaj li qhov txaus rau cov neeg nyiag nkas ntawm peb los nruab hnub ci vaj huam sib luag (xws li ntawm lub hnub taug qab mounts), muab cov xwm txheej saib xyuas, kev ceeb toom tsis tshua muaj roj teeb, thiab ua tib zoo teeb tsa cov kab hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev dag ua haujlwm. Me ntsis…
Ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo rau lub zog ntau dhau yog muab pov tseg xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau hauv lub rhaub dej. Thaum lub roj teeb tau them tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem hloov mus rau kev siv lub hnub ci hluav taws xob kom sov dej.
Txawm hais tias lub rhaub dej tuaj yeem "sau" (kub txaus) lub sijhawm, tshwj tsis yog nws loj heev.
Qhov zoo ntawm lub hnub ci zog yog tias koj tsis tas yuav sau lub hnub ci zog. Koj tuaj yeem tso cov vaj huam sib luag hauv qab lub hnub ci yam tsis tas siv lub zog.
Tau kawg, qhov no yog qhov pov tseg, thiab yog tias nws yog rau koj kom zoo dua, pub lub zog rau hauv kab sib chaws yog thawj qhov kev xaiv.
Raws li CityZen tau hais, nws yuav ua kom puv sijhawm, nws tsuas yog lwm daim ntawv ntawm lub zog cia. Tsis txhob hais, yog tias koj twb nyob hauv qhov chaw kub, koj lub tshuab cua txias yuav ua haujlwm hnyav dua yog tias koj muaj, thiab yog tias tsis yog, koj lub neej yuav tsis kaj siab dua li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, vim lub tank yog insulated li ntawd ... Dej tiag tiag lub khw muag khoom hluav taws xob zoo heev, tab sis feem ntau cov tsev tsis xav tau cov dej kub ntau, thiab qhov loj dua ib lub tank teeb txhais tau hais tias thaum koj tsis muaj lub zog dawb, koj tseem muaj dej txaus los siv tag nrho. siab dua rau cua sov vim qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw nws ua rau.
Tsis muaj qhov zoo "offload" ntawm ib tus neeg teev, lub network loj nrog cov nroj tsuag loj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau yooj yim ob peb qhov kev hloov pauv ntxiv thiab nce ntau lawm tshaj qhov xav tau los ua kom muaj zog tshaj "dawb". Tab sis tus kheej, nws tsuas yog kev zam txim rau kev ua si nrov thiab pob zeb 24/7, tsis xav siv lub zog thaum nws kav lossis txog thaum tus neeg nyob ze tua koj.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv huab cua sov kom sov, nqus cua txias tuaj yeem pab siv cov cua sov ntau dhau los ua kom txias txias.
Koj tuaj yeem khiav lub tshuab cua txias me me nrog lub inverter yog tias koj muaj lub zog ntau dhau los tua thiab nws kub. Tej zaum lub inverter yog sab nraud… Nws yuav nthuav heev kom pom tias koj tuaj yeem ua lub twj tso kua mis cua sov uas siv cov cua sab nraud ua qhov cua sov / lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Tseeb, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag, tab sis yog tias koj qhov teeb meem muaj hwj chim ntau dhau, qhov tsis muaj peev xwm yuav luag pab.
@smellsofbikes Tsuas yog vim qee zaum koj muaj hwj chim ntau dhau thiab tuaj yeem tsim qee yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tsis txhais tau tias koj yuav tsum. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim thaum koj tsis muaj zog tam sim no tab sis tseem yuav tsum dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis muaj txiaj ntsig? Zoo li kuv cov dej loj loj piv txwv saum toj no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav qhov tsim nyog sib npaug kom thaum koj tsis muaj zog thiab thaum koj muaj zog txaus rau kev hais kwv txhiaj hlau hnyav, yam tseem ceeb / txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua tiav…. ..
Thaum koj muab tsis tau nyiaj los yog vim li cas tsis pub dawb **? Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov tshaj koj tuaj yeem tsim tau tsuas yog lub peev xwm uas koj tsis siv, thiab nws tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tsuas yog kev txaj muag xwb.
** Piv txwv tias qhov no tsis xav kom koj ua tus nqi nquag - uas yog qhov teeb meem loj ntawm no, "tus nqi tiaj tus" rau kev sib txuas hauv network yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog li txawm tias koj tsis siv feem ntau ntawm koj qhov kev sib txuas nws yuav raug nqi. ntau. tshaj lawv xa tuaj rau koj. Lawv them koj ntau dhau - tsis yog tias kuv tawm tsam muab tshaj tawm, nws ua haujlwm rau qee tus neeg hauv lub network loj thiab kuv tsis xav tau. Tab sis them lub tuam txhab ntau npaum li cas rau txoj cai ntawm kev ua nyiaj ntau dua los ntawm lwm tus neeg ...
Raws li USB powered li ua ntau dua, kuv xav txog tej yam zoo sib xws rau 5V. Txawm zoo dua yuav yog ntau 5V USB C chaw nres nkoj thiab ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj AC. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, koj tuaj yeem siv 5V rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab USB C rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias USB C cov chaw nres nkoj yuav tsum tuav qhov hluav taws xob ib qho chaw nres nkoj thaum USB A 5v tsuas yog 5v rail.
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, kuv paub tseeb tias kuv yuav xaus rau lub tsev ua haujlwm nrog 5V USB powered mains. Kuv yuav zaum ua 12V ib yam nkaus, raws li kuv cov phiaj xwm hluav taws xob uas xav tau ntau dua 5V yuav luag txhua zaus yuav tsum tau 12V. (Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv paub tseeb tias txhua lub router kuv muaj siv 12V, thiab nws yuav zoo kom muaj qhov yooj yim ntawm tus kheej qhov hluav taws xob rau txhua lub cuab yeej es tsis txhob siv phab ntsa transformer!)
Kuv thov txim qhia rau koj tias 5V (lossis txawm tias 12V) tsis zoo rau kev faib hluav taws xob: tsuas yog ib lub 'meter' lossis ob ntawm kev rub cable nrog poob ntawm 10% lossis ntau dua yog siv tsis tau. Lub tsheb tawm tsam nrog 12v txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis txij li lawv me me lawv tuaj yeem ua tau, tab sis cov tsheb thauj khoom thiab cov nkoj loj siv 24v, yog li, 48v yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi: tseem muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau npaum li koj tsis txhob yaim. . tus qauv voltage, cov khoom siv txaus thiab muaj peev xwm thauj tau ib qho ntev yam tsis muaj kev poob ntau.
Kev hloov hluav taws xob poob yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov poob ntawm cable. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, piv txwv li tias txhua DC-rau-DC hloov dua siab tshiab yog 90% npaum, peb yuav poob 27% ntawm lub hwj chim peb tau txais los ntawm 5V USB charger. Yog tias qhov hloov pauv me ntsis zuj zus, los ntawm 85%, ces qhov poob yuav ncav cuag 39%. Charge controllers thiab converters nyob rau hauv kev xyaum feem ntau ua tau zoo nyob ib ncig ntawm 80% efficiency, yog li nws tsis yog tsis yooj yim sua kom poob mus txog rau ib nrab ntawm lub zog rau kev tswj voltage. Yog tias qhov kev xav tau qis qis, cov khoom siv tsis siv neeg poob tuaj yeem siv yuav luag txhua lub zog.
Tshwj tsis yog tias koj siv cov cables tuab, cable poob tuaj yeem siab heev ntawm 5V, thiab koj yuav zaum siv ntau dua ntawm cov cables dua li qhov koj xav tau rau kev hloov pauv tau zoo 24V.
Yog tias koj muaj ob lub kaum os 5W USB ports, koj xav tau 120W fais fab mov. Yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj lub hauv paus tsis tu ncua ntawm 10W, qhov nominal "kev ua tau zoo" ntawm qhov teev teev yuav yog 92%, tab sis thaum qhov nruab nrab USB chaw nres nkoj siv yog li 5%, tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag yog li 60%. .
Txhua yam hauv qab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 36V yuav tsum tsis txhob siv nyob rau hauv qhov ntev. Tshwj xeeb tsis yog 5 v. Fais fab adapters yog li pheej yig, tooj liab yog kim thiab hnyav. Cov roj teeb kuj tseem kim thiab lub zog poob yog qhov teeb meem.
Tus kheej, kuv yuav tsis ua ib yam ntawm LVDC microgrid txhua (Kuv tau ua si nrog nws thiab ntxub nws heev kuv ua ib daim vis dis aus txog nws).
Kuv ib txwm hais tias muab lub roj teeb rau ntawm qhov chaw thauj khoom thiab siv cov hlua txuas ntxiv yog tias koj xav tau lub zog. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog PoE, uas yog siv dawb rau Ethernet thiab koj yuav xav tau nws rau lwm lub hom phiaj.
USB-C rau tag nrho koj tej yaam num, powered los ntawm sab nraud roj teeb thiab phab ntsa adapters raws li xav tau. Nco ntsoov tias USB-PD trigger modules muaj nyob, koj tuaj yeem tau txais 9, 15 lossis 20 yog tias koj nyiam (12V tsis siv lawm thiab tej zaum yuav tsis ua haujlwm nrog cov adapters tshiab IIRC)
Yog tias koj xav siv lub hnub ci zog, 12V yog qhov zoo rau me me khiav mus txog 100W rau ob peb taw, thiab tseem muaj ntau dua 5V thiab 48V thiab lwm yam, mus rau nws. Los yog tsuas yog yuav lub lag luam LifePO4 hnub ci tshuab hluav taws xob, lawv zoo heev.
Txhua lub siab nyiam ua-nws-koj tus kheej ib txwm xav ua ib yam dab tsi nrog lub npav DC, tab sis qhov ntawd feem ntau yog qhov tsis zoo vim cov neeg siv khoom siv tsis tau tsim los rau nws thiab koj poob qhov "tsuas yog ua haujlwm" nam ntawm USB wart uas xaus tag nrho. qhov chaw. Nws yog cov kab hluav taws xob loj thiab ib pawg ntawm cov khoom sib txuas tsis zoo uas tsis haum rau lwm lub ntiaj teb thiab tsuas yog ib qho teeb meem rau koj lub cev DIY.
Qhov kev siv zoo tshaj plaws uas kuv tau pom yog ARES tus qauv rau xov tooj cua ham, tab sis txawm tias tom qab ntawd ... nws tsuas yog qhov zoo rau kev khiav luv luv.
Rau 5V fais fab hauv chaw ua haujlwm, kuv tsuas yog siv lub qhov hluav taws xob ntawm phab ntsa nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob built-in thiab USB chaw nres nkoj.
Rau 12V rau routers thiab lwm yam kom tshem tawm, kuv yuav cia li yuav ib tug loj 12V 5A transformer thiab ib tug 2.1mm Y-cable (kom paub tseeb tias koj tau zoo sawv daws yuav) los yog tos kom txog thaum lub trigger module muaj PPS rau 12V, coj 12V. USB los ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab - chaw nres nkoj C.
Los yog zoo dua tsis tau, theem tawm tsis yog-USB fais fab thaum twg ua tau. Kev siv me ntsis ntxiv rau kev hloov kho kom tau txais tag nrho USB-PDs yuav daws tau tag nrho cov teeb meem thaum koj xav tau lub router tshiab lossis ib lub router siab kawg uas yuav yog USB powered.
Yog tias kuv xav tau lub qhov hluav taws xob 12V tiag tiag, kuv yuav txiav txim siab muab Mean Well wired transformer rau hauv lub thawv pabcuam ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob es tsis txhob siv 12V. Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm, lub zog poob hauv cov tuab lossis nyias cable, kho yooj yim thiab pom tseeb.
120V DC yog qhov zoo rau lub zog feem ntau "AC" qhov chaw, tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov txwv qis tshaj ntawm qhov lawv zoo siab nrog. Lawv nyiam 160VDC lossis siab dua.
Tsis yog, hauv kuv qhov kev paub lawv txiav tawm ib ncig ntawm 65Vdc, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau derate qis dua 130Vdc, Kuv tsis tau ntsuas, tab sis kuv xav tias 100-0% linear poob ntawm 130-65Vdc.
Kev xav txawv txawv. Kuv xav tias qhov input circuit yog tuav qee qhov tam sim no. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thaum qhov hluav taws xob nce mus txog 130V txog 65V, qhov ntsuas tau txo qis rau 50%, thiab qis dua 65V, qee qhov hluav taws xob thaiv hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim.
Ntau lub chaw nres tsheb muaj lub roj teeb uas ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg relays thiab tso cai rau cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua haujlwm (qhib thiab them) thaum muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Tus qauv voltage yog 115 VDC. Nws khiav 100% ntawm lub roj teeb thiab muaj AC-> DC charger los xyuas kom meej tias lub roj teeb tau them tag nrho, yog li tsis muaj hnub ci hauv qhov no.
Raws li Motzenbocker phau ntawv "Reclaiming the Power" https://yugeshima.com/diygrid/ 120vdc xwb
Qhov teeb meem ntawm DC fais fab faib tau raug daws nrog kev pab ntawm 802.3af (aka PoE) - Fais fab hla Ethernet. Muaj tiag tiag tsis tas yuav siv Ethernet ib feem ntawm qhov sib npaug. Ubiquitous adapters, ruaj ntseg kev faib hluav taws xob thiab kev tshaj tawm / kev tswj cov cuab yeej zoo. Nws tsis txawm kim - koj tuaj yeem tau txais 100Mbps 48-chaw nres nkoj cov ntaub ntawv chaw nruab nrab theem hub rau tsawg li £ 30.
Lub tsev so Marcel hauv New Haven muaj 164 chav, txhua qhov siv los ntawm hnub ci thiab xaim DC fais fab. Ntawm no yog cov lus qhia zoo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4aTcU6Fzoc.
Kuv yuav hais nws, lawv siv POE. Qhov poob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsawg dua qhov poob thaum hloov ntawm DC mus rau AC thiab rov qab mus rau DC. Kuj tseem muab rau koj hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txog yam koj siv.
Qee zaum kuv tsis nco qab tias kuv nyob offline. Kuv muaj 48VDC rau 220VAC inverter hauv kuv qhov teeb tsa uas tso tawm txog 5kW tsis tu ncua, txawm hais tias nws yeej tsis tau hnyav heev. Lub twj tso kua mis 220 volt dej, lub tub yees, lub freezer, khoom siv, cov cuab yeej, teeb pom kev zoo, tag nrho cov no yog tus qauv rau cov dej ntws. Kuv muaj cais 12V thiab 24V DC thiab/lossis feem ntau lwm hom kev teeb tsa fais fab. Khiav ib tug steel qauv lag luam nyob rau hauv tib lub chaw thiab tso dej haus rau tus nees loj. Cov roj teeb yog los ntawm UPS loj uas kuv tau txais thaum kuv hloov roj teeb ntawm lub sijhawm. Ua qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov roj teeb, xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tom qab ntawd ntxig lub ntsuas hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, rov saib xyuas qhov voltage, xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws dua thiab yuav lawv.
Yog lawm, feem ntau cov khoom siv nrog "universal" AC input tuaj yeem khiav ntawm DC lub zog. Muab cov AC input voltage los ntawm 1.4 kom tau qhov sib npaug DC voltage. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov fuses sab hauv tsis yog DC ntsuas. Hloov lawv nrog DC fuse lossis siv lub fuse sab nraud. Tsis txhob muab hluav taws rau hauv tsev!
> "Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov siab tshaj plaws hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog kwv yees li 0.80 V. Thaum muaj hluav taws kub (cia siab tsis tau), qhov no yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau cov hluav taws kub."
ELV tus qauv txiav txim siab 120 VDC "kev nyab xeeb" yam tsis muaj ripple, tab sis EU General Safety Standard txwv nws mus rau 75 VDC, thaum Cov Lus Qhia Tsawg Voltage siv rau txhua qhov hluav taws xob hauv 75-1000 VDC ntau. Koj tseem tuaj yeem ua txhaum txoj cai lij choj thiab xav tau daim ntawv tso cai rau nruab xws li lub kaw lus, tab sis nws nyuaj rau nrhiav cov lus teb meej lossis cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov koj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li tus tsim ib leeg yam tsis muaj kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb.


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