Lus Txhais: stēl Function: Noun etymology: Middle English stele, from Old English, stEle; zoo ib yam li Old High German stahalsteel, tej zaum zoo li Sanskrit stakati, uas nws tawm tsam.
Cov me me ntawm limestone (flux) thiab hlau ore yog qhov nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm thiab thauj khoom vim muaj plua plav thiab decomposition. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv hmoov feem ntau yog ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom loj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom txiav txim siab siv tshuab siv hauv cov nroj tsuag.
Cov ci pellets daig ua ke rau hauv daim ntawm ib nti loj. Feem ntau siv rau hlau ore plua plav sau los ntawm blast furnaces.
Cov khoom me me yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv nias ua ke. Kub Briquetted Iron (HBI) yog ib qho tseem ceeb hlau ore uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau hauv hluav taws xob.
Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm qee cov hlau thiab alloys, xws li hlau, tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias txias tom qab kev kho cua sov lossis kev ua haujlwm txias. Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam yog: hardness, yield zog, tensile zog, ductility, toughness, formability, magnetic zog, thiab lwm yam.
AISI ua lub suab ntawm Asmeskas kev lag luam steel ntawm pej xeem txoj cai thiab txhawb nqa steel raws li cov khoom ntawm kev xaiv hauv khw. AISI kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho thiab siv cov khoom siv hlau tshiab thiab cov thev naus laus zis steelmaking. AISI yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau thiab hluav taws xob arc rauv manufacturers, nrog rau cov neeg koom tes uas yog cov neeg muag khoom lossis cov neeg siv khoom ntawm kev lag luam steel.
Txhua yam khoom siv hlau ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm smelting ntawm hlau los yog txhuas los txhim kho corrosion kuj, hardness, los yog lub zog. Cov hlau feem ntau siv los ua cov hlau alloying hauv stainless hlau muaj xws li chromium, nickel thiab molybdenum.
Cov hlau-raws li kev sib xyaw yog suav tias yog alloy steels yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese ntau tshaj 1.65%, silicon tshaj 0.5%, tooj liab tshaj 0.6%, lossis lwm yam khoom siv tsawg tsawg, xws li chromium, nickel, molybdenum lossis tungsten. Los ntawm kev hloov cov ntsiab lus no hauv daim ntawv qhia, ntau yam khoom sib txawv tuaj yeem tsim tau.
Cov hlau yog deoxidized nrog aluminium, lub hom phiaj yog kom txo qis cov ntsiab lus oxygen kom thaum lub sij hawm solidification tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm carbon thiab oxygen.
Kev kho cua sov lossis cov txheej txheem kho cua sov uas ua rau cov txheej txheem ua ntej txias dov zoo dua rau kev sib sau thiab khoov. Lub steel ntawv yog rhuab mus rau ib tug predetermined kub rau ib tug txaus lub sij hawm thiab ces txias.
Thaum lub sij hawm txias dov ntawm coils, cov ntawv cog lus ntawm cov hlau nplej yog ncab, uas ua rau cov hlau nkig thiab nkig. Annealing tso cai rau tsim cov ntawv cog lus tshiab ntawm qhov kub siab dua, yog li "recrystallizing" cov qauv ntawm cov hlau.
Kev thov steel yog xam raws li steel zeb xa khoom xa tawm los ntawm AISI ntxiv rau kev xa tawm los ntawm Census Bureau rho tawm xa tawm los ntawm Census Bureau. Cov feem pua ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev yog nyob ntawm daim duab no thiab tsis suav nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom muag.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel yuav tsum qis dua cov pa roj carbon lossis cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau (uas yog, cov hlau uas muaj tsawg dua 5% alloying ntsiab lus). Thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob arc rauv (EAF) yog cov txheej txheem ib txwm ua ntawm melting thiab refining stainless hlau, AAF yog ib qho kev lag luam ntxiv vim lub sij hawm luv luv thiab qis dua EAF steelmaking. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel siv AOD ua rau muaj EAF rau kev smelting.
Lub unrefined molten hlau yog pauv los ntawm EAF mus rau ib lub nkoj cais. Kev sib xyaw ntawm argon thiab oxygen yog tshuab rau hauv cov hlau molten los ntawm hauv qab ntawm lub nkoj. Nrog rau cov pa roj no, cov tshuaj ntxuav tau ntxiv rau hauv lub nkoj kom tshem tawm cov impurities, thiab cov pa oxygen ua ke nrog cov pa roj carbon hauv cov hlau tsis huv kom txo cov ntsiab lus carbon. Lub xub ntiag ntawm argon nce affinity ntawm carbon rau oxygen, yog li yooj yim tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon.
Feem ntau cov tuam txhab koom nrog tsis tuaj yeem txo qis kev ntiav neeg ua haujlwm los txiav cov nqi, yog li kev tswj hwm yuav tsum tso siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kom ua tiav cov haujlwm uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. Raws li lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm koom ua ke yuav muaj ntau dua 50, cov neeg laus coob zuj zus tuaj yeem ua rau cov tuam txhab no yooj yim dua los txhim kho lawv cov kev sib tw.
Cov qeb loj tshaj plaws ntawm stainless hlau, suav txog li 70% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim. Vim lawv cov nickel siab thiab siab chromium cov ntsiab lus, austenitic stainless hlau muaj qhov muaj zog corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv stainless hlau pawg. Austenitic stainless hlau yog hardened thiab hardened los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm txias (los ntawm kev siv kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los hloov cov qauv thiab cov duab ntawm cov hlau) es tsis yog los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Ductility (lub peev xwm los hloov cov duab yam tsis muaj kev tawg) yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau austenitic stainless hlau. Zoo heev solderability thiab kev ua tau zoo heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog cov yam ntxwv ntxiv ntawm chav kawm no.
Cov ntawv thov suav nrog cov cookers, cov khoom siv ua zaub mov, cov tsev sab nrauv, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, cov tsheb thauj khoom thiab cov dab dej hauv chav ua noj.
Ob qib feem ntau yog hom 304 (feem ntau siv stainless hlau, muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion nyob rau hauv ntau tus qauv) thiab hom 316 (zoo ib yam li 304, nrog molybdenum ntxiv los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv rau ntau hom hnav).
Ib lub cuab yeej uas nias lub hlau dawb paug rau hauv lub qhov rooj lossis lub hood ntawm cov duab uas xav tau, piv txwv li, siv lub cim muaj zog (pwm). Cov hlau siv yuav tsum muaj cov hlua txaus (tensile) kom tuaj yeem khoov tsis tau tawg.
Siv hydraulic dov quab yuam tshuab, steelmakers tuaj yeem tswj qhov loj (thickness) ntawm cov ntawv hlau thaum lawv dhau los ntawm cov tshuab txias dov ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj li 50 mais ib teev. Siv cov lus tawm tswv yim lossis kev xa tawm, lub khoos phis tawj sib txawv ntawm lub khoos phis tawj kho qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov yob ntawm dov zeb calender ntawm tus nqi ntawm 50-60 zaug ib ob. Cov kev hloov kho no tiv thaiv tawm ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua machined.
Cov cuab yeej tswj kev ua pa phem uas siv los ntxiab cov khoom los ntawm kev lim cov huab cua los ntawm ib daim ntaub loj lossis lub hnab fiberglass.
Txias dov me me steel ntawv rau tsheb lub cev panels. Ua tsaug rau kev kho tshwj xeeb, cov hlau muaj qhov nkag tau zoo thiab lub zog muaj zog, thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv cov hniav tom qab tua.
Lub pear-puab rauv lined nrog refractory cib yog siv los ua cov hlau molten thiab seem hlau los ntawm cov khoom tawg rau hauv cov hlau. Txog li 30% ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom noj rau hauv lub converter tuaj yeem ua seem, nrog rau qhov seem yog molten hlau.
Cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob, uas tuaj yeem hloov kho cov yaj (batch) ntawm cov hlau hauv tsawg dua 45 feeb, hloov lub qhov cub hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1950, tom kawg yuav tsum tau tsib mus rau rau teev los ua cov hlau. Kev ua haujlwm sai dua, tus nqi qis dua, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim ntawm BOF muab nws qhov txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov txheej txheem dhau los.
Cov khib nyiab yog nchuav rau hauv lub qhov cub, ua raws li cov hlau molten los ntawm lub qhov cub tawg. Lub lance yog qis dua los ntawm saum toj no, los ntawm qhov uas cov kwj ntawm cov pa tawm hauv qhov siab, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas cais cov impurities rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb lossis slag. Tom qab refining, cov hlau molten thiab slag yog drained rau hauv nyias ntim.
Rolled ntev cov khoom los ntawm qhov khoob. Kev lag luam rebar thiab rebar (rebar) yog ob hom ntawm rebar qhov chaw ua lag luam rebar suav nrog puag ncig, tiaj tus, lub kaum sab xis, square thiab channel tuav thiab siv los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom los ua ntau yam khoom xws li rooj tog zaum, stair railings thiab khoom siv ua liaj ua teb. siv los txhawb kev ua vaj tse hauv txoj kev, txuas hniav thiab vaj tse.
Steel semi-tiav formwork rau "ntev" cov khoom: tuav, raws los yog lwm yam tsim qauv. Billets txawv ntawm slabs nyob rau hauv lawv qhov loj me; billets feem ntau yog 2 mus rau 7 nti square, thiab slabs yog 30 mus rau 80 nti dav thiab 2 mus rau 10 nti tuab. Ob lub pwm feem ntau yog nrum nruam, tab sis lawv cov chemistry tuaj yeem sib txawv heev.
Cov ntawv txias txias los ntawm 12 "mus rau 32" dav siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv paus (cov khoom siv raw) rau tinning nroj tsuag.
Ib lub tog raj kheej kheej kheej nrog cov refractory (refractory) cib siv los ntawm steel mills rau smelt hlau los ntawm hlau ore. Nws siv nws lub npe los ntawm "kev poob siab tsis muaj zog" ntawm cov cua kub thiab cov pa roj uas raug yuam los ntawm cov hlau ore, coke thiab limestone loaded rau hauv qhov cub.
Thawj kauj ruam los npaj lub tiaj tiaj rau cov neeg siv kawg. Ib daim ntawv dawb paug yog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom uas muaj tib qhov loj me me raws li ib feem, xws li lub qhov rooj los yog lub hood, tab sis tseem tsis tau raug ntaus. Cov tuam txhab hlau tuaj yeem muab lawv cov neeg siv khoom nrog qhov khoob kom txo cov nqi zog thiab kev thauj mus los; Tshaj hlau tuaj yeem txiav ua ntej xa khoom.
Steel semi-tiav formwork ntawm cov seem ntau tshaj 8 nti. Qhov loj cam khwb cia hlau ntu no tau tawg rau hauv lub tshuab dov los tsim cov H-beams paub, H-beams thiab daim ntawv pawg. Blooms kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo bar ntau lawm: txo qhov hla ntawm lub paj txhim kho cov hlau zoo.
Ib qho kev huam yuaj tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj tsis tau ntawm cov hlau molten lossis slag (los yog ob qho tib si) los ntawm lub qhov cub tawg vim qhov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm phab ntsa blast furnace.
"Old field" yog qhov sib piv nrog "ntsuab teb" (lossis cov khoom tshiab kiag li). Extending cov khoom nyob txhais tau tias ntxiv rau cov khoom uas twb muaj lawm.
Cov ridges zoo heev ntawm cov npoo npoo uas ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm xws li slitting, trimming, shearing lossis blanking. Piv txwv li, thaum ib tug steelmaker txiav cov ob sab ntawm ib daim ntawv sib npaug zos los yog txiav nws mus rau hauv ib daim hlab, nws cov npoo yuav khoov rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txiav (saib Edge-rolling).
Cov khib nyiab muaj cov clips thiab stampings hauv metallurgical ntau lawm. Lub sij hawm los ntawm kev xyaum sau cov khoom hauv bushel baskets thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
Cov yeeb nkab txheem siv hauv cov kav dej. Lub rhuab carcass tsis tu ncua dhau los ntawm cov welding rollers, tsim ib lub raj thiab nias cov npoo kub tawm tsam ib leeg, tsim ib qho kev sib txuas zoo.
Radian yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ncaj ntawm ntug. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau qhov sib txawv ntawm sab no los ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim yog txhais hauv ASTM tus qauv.
Lub peev xwm ib txwm tsim cov hlau hauv ib lub sijhawm. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no yuav tsum suav nrog kev saib xyuas, tab sis vim tias cov kev pabcuam zoo li no tau teem sijhawm raws li lub tshuab xav tau (tsis yog daim ntawv qhia hnub xav tau), cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem khiav ntawm 100% muaj peev xwm rau ib hlis thiab tom qab ntawd poob qis dua. nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev kho Installed muaj peev xwm yog twb paub lawm.
Lub peev xwm theoretical ntawm lub zeb lossis smelter, raws li kev txwv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev ua haujlwm ceev.
Cov khoom siv tau zoo tso cai rau kev saib xyuas cov cuab yeej thiab cuam tshuam cov khoom siv tam sim no txwv. (Lub raj mis hauv kev xa khoom thiab kev faib khoom hloov pauv raws sijhawm raws li lub peev xwm nce lossis txo qis.)
Cov hlau uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nws cov qauv nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon. Feem ntau ntawm cov hlau uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog carbon steel.
Cov hlua casing, uas yog cov txheej txheem thauj tog rau nkoj ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov roj thiab cov qhov dej, suav txog 75% ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws roj tubular cov khoom (los ntawm qhov hnyav). Cov yeeb nkab casing yog siv los tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov dej hauv av ib puag ncig thiab lub qhov dej nws tus kheej. Lub casing tau khaws cia thoob plaws lub neej ntawm lub qhov dej thiab feem ntau tsis raug tshem tawm thaum lub qhov dej kaw.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm pouring molten hlau rau hauv pwm kom cov khoom txias txias khaws cov pwm ntawm cov pwm.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm ncaj qha casting molten steel rau nws cov duab kawg thiab thickness tsis ntxiv kub los yog txias dov. Qhov no txo kev nqis peev, hluav taws xob thiab nqi ib puag ncig.
Txoj cai ntawm kev thauj khoom rau hauv cov thawv. Piv txwv li, hlau ore, coke thiab limestone raug thauj mus rau hauv qhov cub tawg, thiab cov khoom seem thiab cov hlau molten raug thauj mus rau hauv cov pa taws.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hlau, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus thiab ntau lwm yam.
Ib qho alloying khoom, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau stainless hlau, imparting corrosion kuj. Yog tias cov hlau tsis muaj hlau raug puas tsuaj los yog tshuaj lom neeg, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen, cov yeeb yaj kiab uas ib txwm ua rau ntawm cov hlau tsis huv yog kho, tiv thaiv corrosion.
Ib txoj hauv kev siv cov txheej txheem stainless hlau rau cov pa roj carbon lossis cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau (uas yog, cov hlau uas muaj tsawg dua 5% alloying ntsiab lus).
1) stainless hlau vuam nrog carbon hlau; 2) nchuav molten stainless hlau nyob ib ncig ntawm cov khoom carbon dawb paug rau hauv pwm; los yog 3) muab cov pa roj carbon steel ntawm ob daim hlau stainless thiab dov lawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv lub tshuab dov. Kaw lawv ua ke. .
Cov txheej txheem ntawm txheej hlau nrog lwm cov khoom (tin, chromium thiab zinc), feem ntau yog rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion.
Post lub sij hawm: Apr-26-2023